Eastern Whip-poor-will
Eastern Whip-poor-will
Antrostomus vociferus
At a Glance
Often heard but seldom observed, the Eastern Whip-poor-will chants its name on summer nights in eastern woods. The song may seem to go on endlessly; a patient observer once counted 1,088 whip-poor-wills given rapidly without a break. By day, the bird sleeps on the forest floor or on a horizontal log or branch. This bird and the Mexican Whip-poor-will of the Southwest were considered a single species, the Whip-poor-will, until 2010, when they were split based on DNA and vocalization differences.
All bird guide text and rangemaps adapted from Lives of North American Birds by Kenn Kaufman© 1996, used by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Category
Nightjars, Upland Ground Birds
IUCN Status
Near Threatened
Habitat
Forests and Woodlands, Shrublands, Savannas, and Thickets
Region
Eastern Canada, Florida, Great Lakes, Mid Atlantic, New England, Plains, Southeast, Texas, Western Canada
Behavior
Flap/Glide
Population
1.800.000
Range & Identification
Migration & Range Maps
Many spend the winter in the southeastern states, in areas where Chuck-will's-widows are resident in summer. Others migrate south to Central America; few occur in the West Indies.
Description
Both sexes — Length: 8.7–10.2 in (22–26 cm); wingspan: 18–19 in (46–48 cm); weight: 1.5–2.3 oz (43–65 g). The Eastern Whip-poor-will is well camouflaged in mottled brown and gray. In flight, wingtips are broadly rounded, unlike the pointed wings of nighthawks. No white in wings. Corners of tail are white (male) or buff (female). Compare to the similar Chuck-will's-widow.
Size
About the size of a Robin
Color
Black, Brown, Gray, Tan, White
Wing Shape
Long, Rounded
Tail Shape
Long, Rounded, Square-tipped
Songs and Calls
A loud, iconic rhythmic whip-poor-will, repeated over and over, at night.
Call Pattern
Falling, Undulating
Call Type
Chirp/Chip, Whistle
Habitat
Leafy woodlands. The Eastern Whip-poor-will breeds in rich, moist woodlands, either deciduous or mixed; it seems to avoid purely coniferous forests. Winter habitats are also in wooded areas.
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Behavior
Eggs
2. Whitish, marked with brown and gray. Incubation is by both parents (usually more by female), 19-21 days.
Young
Cared for by both parents. Adult Eastern Whip-poor-wills feed their young by regurgitating insects. The age of young at first flight is about 20 days. May raise 1 or 2 broods per year; the female may lay a second clutch while the male is still caring for young from the first brood.
Feeding Behavior
Forages at night, especially at dusk and dawn, and on moonlit nights. The Eastern Whip-poor-will forages by flying out from a perch in a tree, or in low, continuous flight along the edges of woods and clearings; sometimes by fluttering up from the ground. Captures insects in its broad, gaping mouth and swallows them whole.
Diet
Insects. The Eastern Whip-poor-will feeds on night-flying insects, especially moths, beetles, mosquitoes, and many others.
Nesting
Nesting activity may be timed so that adults are feeding young primarily on nights when the moon is more than half full, when moonlight makes foraging easier for them. Male Eastern Whip-poor-wills sing at night to defend territory and to attract a mate. Courtship behavior is not well known; the male approaches the female on the ground, with much head bobbing, bowing, and sidling. Nest site is on the ground, in shady woods, but often near the edge of a clearing, on open soil covered with dead leaves. No nest built, eggs laid on flat ground.
Conservation
Conservation Status
Numbers of the Eastern Whip-poor-will appear to have decreased over much of the East in recent decades. Reasons for the decline are not well understood, but it could reflect a general reduction in the numbers of large moths and beetles.
Climate Threats Facing the Eastern Whip-poor-will
Choose a temperature scenario below to see which threats will affect this species as warming increases. The same climate change-driven threats that put birds at risk will affect other wildlife and people, too.
